Facilitating text-to-speech conversion of a domain name or a network address containing a domain name

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus of facilitating text-to-speech conversion of a domain name are provided. At a processor of a computing device, a pronunciation of a top level domain of a network address is determined by one or more of: generating a phonetic representation of each character in the top level domain pronounced individually; and, generating a tokenized representation of each individual character of the top level domain suitable for interpretation by a text-to-speech engine. For each other level domain of the network address, at the processor, a pronunciation of the other level domain is determined based on one or more recognized words within the other level domain.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.12/171,550 filed Jul. 11, 2008, the contents of which are incorporatedherein by reference.

FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY

The present disclosure pertains to text-to-speech (TTS) conversion, andmore particularly to facilitating text-to-speech conversion of a networkaddress or a portion thereof.

BACKGROUND

Conventional screen readers, i.e. software applications that attempt tointerpret what is being displayed on a user interface screen and presentthe content in another form, which is usually speech, typically farepoorly when pronouncing network addresses such as electronic mail(email) addresses or Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Uniform ResourceIdentifiers (URIs) (which have a format similar to that of emailaddress, with a prepended “sip:”). For example, an email address of“sjones@work.us” may be pronounced “sss-jones at work dot us” ratherthan the more conventional human pronunciation “ess jones at work dotyou ess”. Alternatively, conventional screen readers may spell out theemail address in full, i.e. speak each character individually (e.g. “essjay oh en . . . ”), which is tedious for the listener to listen to. Forclarity, the foregoing quoted expressions represent pronunciations ofthe email addresses, as a typical speaker of the language might spellthe pronunciations. These pronunciations could alternatively berepresented by symbolic expressions in the International PhoneticAlphabet (IPA), which is a precise phonetic system using non-ASCIIsymbols to represent most (if not all) of the sounds that humans arecapable of uttering.

A new approach for facilitating text-to-speech conversion of networkaddresses, or portions thereof, for use in screen readers or in othercontexts would be desirable.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

In the figures which illustrate at least one exemplary embodiment:

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary wireless communication device with ascreen reader application capable of facilitating text-to-speechconversion of a network address or a portion thereof;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the wireless communicationdevice of FIG. 1 in greater detail;

FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate operation of a screen reader application atthe wireless communication device of FIG. 1 for facilitatingtext-to-speech conversion of a network address or a portion thereof;

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary textual network address whose conversionto speech is facilitated by the operation illustrated in FIGS. 3A and3B; and

FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate exemplary pronunciations of exemplary networkaddresses.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In one aspect of the below described embodiment, there is provided amethod of facilitating text-to-speech conversion of a network address,comprising: if said network address comprises a username: retrieving aname of a user associated with said username, said name comprising oneof a first name of said user and a last name of said user; anddetermining a pronunciation of said username based at least in part onwhether said name forms at least part of said username; and if saidnetwork address comprises a domain name having a top level domain and atleast one other level domain: determining a pronunciation of said toplevel domain based at least in part upon whether said top level domainis one of a predetermined set of top level domains; and for each of saidat least one other level domain: searching for one or more recognizedwords within said other level domain; and further determining apronunciation of said other level domain based at least in part on anoutcome of said searching.

In another aspect of the below described embodiment, there is provided amethod of facilitating text-to-speech conversion of a username,comprising: retrieving a name of a user associated with said username,said name comprising one of a first name of said user and a last name ofsaid user; and determining a pronunciation of said username based atleast in part on whether said name forms at least part of said username.

In another aspect of the below described embodiment, there is provided amethod of facilitating text-to-speech conversion of a domain name havinga top level domain and at least one other level domain, comprising:determining a pronunciation of said top level domain based at least inpart upon whether said top level domain is one of a predetermined set oftop level domains; and for each of said at least one other level domain:searching for one or more recognized words within said other leveldomain; and further determining a pronunciation of said other leveldomain based at least in part on an outcome of said searching.

In another aspect of the below described embodiment, there is provided amachine-readable medium storing instructions for facilitatingtext-to-speech conversion of a username that, when executed by aprocessor of a computing device, cause said computing device to:retrieve a name of a user associated with said username, said namecomprising one of a first name of said user and a last name of saiduser; and determine a pronunciation of said username based at least inpart on whether said name forms at least part of said username.

In another aspect of the below described embodiment, there is provided amachine-readable medium storing instructions for facilitatingtext-to-speech conversion of a domain name having a top level domain andat least one other level domain that, when executed by a processor of acomputing device, cause said computing device to: determine apronunciation for said top level domain based at least in part uponwhether said top level domain is one of a predetermined set of top leveldomains; and for each of said at least one other level domain: searchfor one or more recognized words within said other level domain; andfurther determine a pronunciation of said other level domain based atleast in part on an outcome of said search.

In another aspect of the below described embodiment, there is provided acomputing device comprising: a processor; and memory interconnected withsaid processor storing instructions for facilitating text-to-speechconversion of a username that, when executed by said processor, causesaid device to: retrieve a name of a user associated with said username,said name comprising one of a first name of said user and a last name ofsaid user; and determine a pronunciation of said username based at leastin part on whether said name forms at least part of said username.

In another aspect of the below described embodiment, there is provided acomputing device comprising: a processor; and memory interconnected withsaid processor storing instructions for facilitating text-to-speechconversion of a domain name having a top level domain and at least oneother level domain that, when executed by said processor, cause saiddevice to: determine a pronunciation of said top level domain based atleast in part upon whether said top level domain is one of apredetermined set of top level domains; and for each of said at leastone other level domain: search for one or more recognized words withinsaid other level domain; and further determine a pronunciation of saidother level domain based at least in part on an outcome of said search.

Referring to FIG. 1, an exemplary hand-held wireless communicationdevice 10 is illustrated. The illustrated device 10 is a two-way pagerwith RF voice and data communication capabilities, and has a keyboard50, display 52, speaker 111 and microphone 112. The display 52, whichmay be liquid crystal display (LCD), displays a user interface (UI)screen 56. The UI screen 56 is generated by an email client applicationexecuting at device 10 which displays a received electronic mail (email)message. A “From:” field 57 of UI screen 56 indicates the email address59 (a form of network address) of the sender of the message, which inthis example is “sjones@work.us”. The email address is highlighted inFIG. 1 simply to indicate that it is the network address whosepronunciation is being determined in the present example. It will beappreciated that this highlighting is only for facilitating readercomprehension of the present description, and is not required for theembodiment to function as described herein. Other conventional emailmessage fields, such as a “Subject:” field and message body, are alsoillustrated in FIG. 1.

For illustration, it is assumed that a user of device 10, who may bevisually impaired or who anticipates being distracted by otherresponsibilities that prevent the user from being easily able to read UIscreens (e.g. driving a motor vehicle), wishes to have textualinformation within displayed UI screens converted to speech.Accordingly, the user has installed a screen reader application withinthe memory of device 10 for interpreting whatever UI screen is displayedwithin display 52 and presenting the content as speech over speaker 111.As will be described, the screen reader application employs an approachfor converting email addresses to speech that results in a pronunciationwhich may be preferred by the user over pronunciations generated byconventional screen reader applications.

Turning to FIG. 2, the wireless communication device 10 of FIG. 1 isillustrated in greater detail. A processor 54 is coupled between thekeyboard 50 and the display 52. The processor 54 controls the overalloperation of the device 10, including the operation of the display 52,in response to the receipt of inbound messages at device 10 and/oractuation of keys on keyboard 50 by the user.

Various parts of the device 10 are shown schematically in FIG. 2. Theseinclude a communications subsystem 100, a short-range communicationssubsystem 102, a set of auxiliary I/O devices 106, a serial port 108, aspeaker 111, a microphone 112, memory devices including a flash memory116 and a Random Access Memory (RAM) 118, various other devicesubsystems 120, and a battery 121 for powering the active elements ofthe device.

Operating system software executed by the processor 54 is stored inpersistent memory, such as the flash memory 116, but could alternativelybe stored in other types of memory devices, such as a read only memory(ROM) or a similar storage element. In addition, system software,specific device applications, or parts thereof, may be temporarilyloaded into a volatile memory, such as the RAM 118. Communicationsignals received by the device may also be stored to the RAM 118.

The processor 54, in addition to its operating system functions, enablesexecution of software applications (computer programs) 130A, 130B, 12,14 and 16 on the device 10. A predetermined set of applications thatcontrol basic device operations, such as voice and data communications130A and 130B, may be installed on the device 10 during manufacturealong with the operating system. The email client 12, Voice over IPclient 14 and screen reader 16 applications may be loaded into flashmemory 116 of device 10 from a machine-readable medium 38 (e.g. anoptical disk or magnetic storage medium), either via wireless network 36(e.g. by way of an over-the-air download) or directly to the device 10,by a manufacturer or provider of the device for example.

The email application 12 is a conventional email application thatfacilitates composition of outgoing email messages. The VoIP client 14is a conventional wireless VoIP client that permits a user to initiate aVoIP call to another party by specifying that party's Session InitiationProtocol (SIP) Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), which is a form ofnetwork address. SIP URIs are described in Request For Comments (RFC)3261 (presently available at www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3261.txt). The VoIPclient also facilitates receipt of VoIP calls from other parties havingassigned SIP URIs. The screen reader application 16 is a conventionalwireless screen reader application, such as Nuance TALKS™ from NuanceCommunications, Inc. or one of the Mobile Speak® line of screen readersfrom Code Factory, S.L. than has been modified for the purpose offacilitating text-to-speech conversion of network addresses, asdescribed herein. Other known screen reader applications which might besimilarly modified (not necessarily for a wireless platform) may includethe Microsoft® Text-To-Speech engine within the Windows XP™ operatingsystem, JAWS® for Windows made by Freedom Scientific™ (seewww.freedomscientific.com/fs_products/software_jaws.asp) and the AT&T®Labs Text-to-Speech Demo (seewww.research.att.com/˜ttsweb/tts/demp.php).

Flash memory 116 also stores a dictionary 132. Dictionary 132 is a datastructure, such as a hash table or patricia tree, which is used torepresent a predetermined set of recognized words. As will becomeapparent, the dictionary 132 is used to identify recognized words withina network address, so that those words can be pronounced as such (e.g.rather than character by character) when the network address isconverted to speech. In the present embodiment, recognized words includea set of words in a spoken language (English in this example) as well asnames of organizations (e.g. corporations, enterprises, and otherentities), including common abbreviations of organization names (e.g.“RIM” for Research In Motion, Ltd.). The set of words in a spokenlanguage may be based on a “corpus”. As is known in the art, a corpus(or “text corpus”) is a large and structured set of texts whichidentifies words forming part of a spoken language (e.g. English,Spanish, French, etc.) as well as the frequencies of occurrence of theword within that language. The British National Corpus (“BNC”) is anexample of a well-known corpus covering British English of the latetwentieth century. Thus, dictionary 132 might contain representations ofthe 25,000 most common words in the English language, typically (but notnecessarily) including proper nouns. The number of represented words mayvary in different embodiments and may depend in part upon any operativememory size constraints of the device 10. The names of organizations mayfor example include names of any of the following types of organization:affiliations, alliances, associations, bands, bodies, businesses, clubs,coalitions, companies, concerns, consortia, corporations, fellowships,fraternities, industries, institutes, institutions, leagues, orders,parties, professions, societies, sororities, squads, syndicates, teams,trades, troupes, trusts and unions. The reason for includingorganization names and abbreviations within the set of recognized wordsis that organization names or abbreviations often form part of thedomain name (also referred to as the “hostname”) portion of emailaddresses (i.e. the portion following the “@” symbol, e.g. user@acme.comor user@rim.com). The dictionary may also be used in some embodiments tofacilitate pronunciation of the username portion of certain emailaddresses (e.g. service@cardealer.com or helpdesk@company.com).

The high-level description regarding the architecture and generaloperation of device 10 that follows provides an overview of the generalstructure of the device.

Communication functions, including data and voice communications, areperformed by device 10 through the communication subsystem 100, andpossibly through the short-range communications subsystem 102. Thecommunication subsystem 100 includes a receiver 150, a transmitter 152,and one or more antennas 154 and 156. In addition, the communicationsubsystem 100 also includes a processing module, such as a digitalsignal processor (DSP) 158, and local oscillators (LOs) 160. Thespecific design and implementation of the communication subsystem 100 isdependent upon the communication network in which the device 10 isintended to operate. For example, the communication subsystem 100 of thedevice 10 may be designed to operate with the Mobitex™, DataTAC™ orGeneral Packet Radio Service (GPRS) mobile data communication networksand may also be designed to operate with any of a variety of voicecommunication networks, such as AMPS, TDMA, CDMA, PCS, GSM, etc. Othertypes of data and voice networks, both separate and integrated, may alsobe utilized with the device 10.

Network access requirements vary depending upon the type ofcommunication system. For example, in the Mobitex™ and DataTAC™networks, devices are registered on the network using a unique personalidentification number or PIN associated with each device. In GPRSnetworks, however, network access is associated with a subscriber oruser of a device. A GPRS device therefore requires a subscriber identitymodule, commonly referred to as a SIM card, in order to operate on aGPRS network.

When required network registration or activation procedures have beencompleted, the wireless communication device 10 may send and receivecommunication signals over the wireless network 36. Signals receivedfrom the wireless network 36 by the antenna 154 are routed to thereceiver 150, which provides for signal amplification, frequency downconversion, filtering, channel selection, etc., and may also provideanalog-to-digital conversion. Analog-to-digital conversion of thereceived signal allows the DSP 158 to perform more complex communicationfunctions, such as demodulation and decoding. In a similar manner,signals to be transmitted to the network 110 are processed (e.g.modulated and encoded) by the DSP 158 and are then provided to thetransmitter 152 for digital-to-analog conversion, frequency upconversion, filtering, amplification and transmission to the wirelessnetwork 36 (or networks) via the antenna 156.

In addition to processing communication signals, the DSP 158 providesfor control of the receiver 150 and the transmitter 152. For example,gains applied to communication signals in the receiver 150 andtransmitter 152 may be adaptively controlled through automatic gaincontrol algorithms implemented in the DSP 158.

The short-range communications subsystem 102 enables communicationbetween the device 10 and other proximate systems or devices, which neednot necessarily be similar devices. For example, the short-rangecommunications subsystem may include an infrared device and associatedcircuits and components, or a Bluetooth™ communication module to providefor communication with similarly-enabled systems and devices.

Operation 300 of the screen reader application 16 for facilitatingtext-to-speech conversion of email addresses is illustrated in FIGS. 3Aand 3B. The purpose of operation 300 is to generate a phoneticrepresentation of email address 59, be it actual speech or a phoneticrepresentation that can be used to generate speech (e.g. a sequence oftokens representing phonemes). In the description that follows, it isassumed that a UI screen has just been displayed on display 52, as shownin FIG. 1, and that screen reader application 16, which has beenconfigured to “read aloud” newly-displayed screens in a particularlanguage (here, English), is now faced with the task of determining aphonetic representation for the textual email address 59,“sjones@work.us”, which is highlighted in FIG. 1.

Referring to FIG. 3A, initially the email address (which, again, is aform of network address) is received by the screen reader 16 (302). Theemail address may be received by any conventional technique, such as thetechnique(s) used by conventional screen reader applications to identifytext to be converted to speech from a UI screen of a separateapplication.

Next, a determination is made as to whether the network addresscomprises a username (S304). If no username exists, then operation jumpsto 322 (FIG. 3B). As shown in FIG. 4, in the case of email addressessuch as email address 59, the username (FIG. 4) is the portion of theemail address before the “@” symbol delimiter 404, i.e. “sjones”, whichis identified by reference numeral 402 in FIG. 4. The portion after thedelimiter 404 is referred to herein as the “domain name” 406, and ishandled by operation starting at 322 (FIG. 3B), which is describedlater.

Next, the name of the user associated with the email address 59, whichmay be a first or last name of a person (or both), is retrieved (306,FIG. 3A). The name may be retrieved in various ways. For example, theemail address may be used as a “key” to look up an entry in a contactslist or address book executing at device 10 (e.g. within a conventionalpersonal information manager application), from which name informationmay be read. Alternatively, the email address 59 may be used to look upname information within a remote data store, such as an Internet-baseddatabase. In a further alternative, the name may be determined byparsing a human-readable display name that may be received inconjunction with, and may be displayed as part of, the email address,e.g. “Stephen Jones <sjones@work.us>”. In the latter case, the displayname “Stephen Jones” may be parsed to identify “Stephen” as a first nameand “Jones” as a second name. During such parsing, any conventionaltitles (e.g. “Mr.” or “PhD”) or middle names may be disregarded in orderto facilitate identification of the person's first and/or last name andcues as the presence of absence of a comma may be used to distinguishthe first name from the last name.

Once the user's name has been retrieved, the username 402 is thensearched for substrings comprising the person's first and/or last name(308, FIG. 3A). In the present example, the username “sjones” isaccordingly searched for substrings comprising “Stephen” or “Jones”.Although not required, the username may also be searched for common ordiminutive variations of the first name (e.g. “Steve” in addition to“Stephen”). Such diminutive forms might be determinable by way of a“many-to-many” map of a dictionary (e.g. the names “Genine” and“Genevieve” may both be mapped to the dimunitive form “Gen”; conversely,the name “Jennifer” may be mapped to both dimunitive forms “Jenny” and“Jen”). If the user's first name (or a common or diminutive variationthereof) or last name is found to comprise a portion the username 402,then a phonetic representation of that name, pronounced as a whole (i.e.not character by character), is generated (310). So, in the presentexample, because only the last name “Jones” is found within the username“sjones” (with neither “Stephen” nor “Steve” being found within theusername), a phonetic representation of “Jones”, pronounced as a whole,is generated. It should be appreciated that this phonetic representationis associated with only the “jones” portion of the username and willultimately form part of an overall phonetic representation of the wholeemail address 59 that will include phonetic representations of otherportions of the email address 59.

Although not expressly illustrated in FIG. 3A, it is noted thatoperation 306-310 could be performed for only last name of the person(e.g. if the username format is expected to be “<first initial><lastname>”), only the first name of the person (e.g. if the username formatis expected to be “<first name><last initial>”), or for both names (e.g.if the username format is expected to, or might, contain both names,e.g. “<first name>.<last name>”). Searching for both the first name andthe last name is likely the most computationally intensive of theseapproaches, however it typically provides the greatest flexibility inhandling the widest range of possible username formats. Where both thefirst name and the last name are found within the username, thenphonetic representations of both the first name pronounced as a wholeand the last name pronounced as a whole would be included in thephonetic representation of the username. Pronunciation of an initialbetween names may also be supported.

After the user's first and/or last name are identified within theusername 402, one or more characters may be left over that are neitherthe user's first name nor the user's last name (e.g. the “s” in “sjones”in the present example). If such a “leftover” portion of the username402 is found to exist, the number of characters therein is initiallycounted. If the number of characters fails to exceed a predeterminedthreshold, e.g. two characters (312), then a phonetic representation ofeach character pronounced individually is generated (320). The rationalefor generating a phonetic representation of each character individuallywhen the number of characters is two or less is that, even if thosecharacters might be conventionally pronounced “as a whole” when theemail address is read aloud by a human (which is unlikely, becauserelatively few words appearing in typical email address usernames haveonly two characters), may be twofold. First, any inconvenience to theuser for having to listen to the characters pronounced individually maybe considered minimal because the amount of time required for twocharacters to be pronounced is relatively short. Second, any suchinconvenience may considered to be an acceptable trade-off for avoidingthe computation involved in ascertaining whether the characters arelikely to be pronounceable as a whole and, if so, in generating aphonetic representation of the characters pronounced as a whole. Thus,in the present example, because the number of characters in the leftoverportion, “s”, is only one, a phonetic representation of that character(i.e. “ess”) would be generated at 320.

If, on the other hand, it is determined in 312 (FIG. 3A) that the numberof characters exceeds the predetermined threshold, a likelihood ofpronounceability for the characters in the leftover portion of theusername is calculated (314). The likelihood of pronounceabilityreflects the likelihood that the set of characters can be pronounced asa whole in the relevant spoken language without deviating fromlinguistic convention or “sounding strange”. The likelihood ofpronounceability may be calculated in various ways. In one approach, thecharacters may be parsed into sequential letter pairs or lettertriplets, and the relative frequency of occurrence of the pairs/tripletswithin the relevant language may be assessed, e.g. using a letterpair/triplet frequency table. If the relative frequencies exceed athreshold, the likelihood of pronounceability may be considered to behigh. So, using this approach, the likelihood of pronounceability of aset of leftover characters that is, say, “zqx” would be much lower thanthe likelihood of pronounceability of the set of characters “ack”, sincethe letter pairs or triplet of the former are far less common in theEnglish language than the letter pairs or triple of the latter. Anotherapproach for calculating the likelihood of pronounceability is to checkwhether the leftover characters form a “prefix” portion of whichever oneof the user's first or last name is not found within the username. Forexample, if a username “olinorth” which corresponds to a user namedOliver North, were processed in the fashion described above, such thatthe last name “north” were found to comprise the name, then the firstname, “oliver”, which is not found within the username, may be examinedto determine whether the remainder portion “oli” forms a prefix of thatfirst name. If so (as in the “oli” example), then the likelihood ofpronounceability of that portion may be considered high.

If the likelihood of pronounceability is found to be high (316), then aphonetic representation of the leftover portion of the user name,pronounced as a whole, is generated (318). Otherwise, a phoneticrepresentation of each character in that portion, pronouncedindividually, is generated (320).

At this stage of operation 300, the pronunciation of the usernameportion of the email address has been determined, with the possibleexception of any punctuation that may form part of the username, such as“.”, “-” and “_”. If such punctuation is found, conventional phoneticrepresentations thereof (e.g. phonetic representations of the words“dot”, “hyphen” and “underscore”, respectively) may be generated andadded in the proper place within the generated phonetic representationof the username.

Next, a determination is made as to whether the network addresscomprises a domain name (322, FIG. 3B). If no domain name is foundwithin the network address, then operation 300 terminates, and thegenerated phonetic representation of the username 402 (to the extentthat one has been generated at 306-320 of FIG. 3A) may form the basis ofa pronunciation of the network address by screen reader 16.

If, however, the network address does comprise a domain name, as will betrue for addresses such as email address 59 (i.e. domain name 406 inFIG. 4), then pronunciation of the domain name is determined. Initially,the number of characters in the top level domain, i.e. in the charactersfollowing the final dot of the domain name (top level domain 410 of FIG.4), is compared to a threshold number of characters, which is three inthe present embodiment. If the number of top level domain characters isnot at least as large as the threshold number of characters, then aphonetic representation of each character in the top level domain,pronounced individually, is generated (326). The rationale forpronouncing each character of the top level domain individually when thenumber of characters is less than three is similar to theabove-described rationale for individually pronouncing each character ofany “leftover” portion of the username that is not the user's name whenthe number of characters in the leftover portion is two or less. Thus,in the case of country code top level domains (ccTLDs), such as “us” inthe present example, which contain two characters, operation at 326 ofFIG. 3B is performed.

If, on the other hand, the top level domain has at least threecharacters (e.g. as would be the case for domain names ending in “.com”or “.net”), operation proceeds to 328 of FIG. 3B. At 328, adetermination is made as to whether the top level domain 410 is one of apredetermined set of top level domains that is normally pronounced as awhole. This predetermined set of top level domains may include suchgeneric top level domains as “com”, “net”, “org”, “biz”, “gov”, “mil”,“name”, “aero”, “asia”, “info”, “jobs”, “mobi”, “museum”, “name”, “pro”,“tel” and “travel”, for example. The determination at 328 may be made invarious ways. In one approach, a data structure, such as a lookup table,containing all of the top level domains that are normally pronounced asa whole may be searched for the top level domain whose pronunciation isbeing determined, with a match resulting in the “yes” branch beingfollowed from decision box 328 of FIG. 3B, and the absence of a matchresulting in the “no” branch being followed. In a converse approach, adata structure, such as a lookup table, containing all of the top leveldomains that are not normally pronounced as a whole (e.g. as may be thecase for the top level domain “edu”, which is conventionally spelled outas “ee dee you” when pronounced by humans) may be searched for the toplevel domain whose pronunciation is being determined, with a matchresulting in the “no” branch being followed from decision box 328, andthe absence of a match resulting in the “yes” branch being followed.Whatever approach is used, if the “no” branch is followed, then aphonetic representation of each character in the top level domain,pronounced individually, is generated (326), as described above.Otherwise, if the “yes” branch is followed, then a phoneticrepresentation the top level domain, pronounced as a whole, is generated(330).

Subsequent operation at 332-340 of FIG. 3B is for determining apronunciation for each “other level domain” forming part of the domainname portion of the network address. An “other level domain” is asecond, third or higher level domain (also referred to as a “subdomain”)forming part of the domain name. In the illustrated embodiment, thedomain name 406 only contains one other level domain 408, i.e. thesecond level domain whose value is “work” (see FIG. 4). For each suchother level domain whose pronunciation has not yet be determined (332,FIG. 3B), the other level domain is searched for one or more recognizedwords (334). If any recognized word(s) is/are contained within the otherlevel domain, a phonetic representation of each recognized word,pronounced as a whole, is generated (336). In the present embodiment, aword is considered to be “recognized” if it is contained in dictionary132 (FIG. 2), described above. Notably, operation at 334 may includeidentifying multiple recognized words within a single other leveldomain, which words may be concatenated or separated by delimitercharacters, such as “-” or “_”, within the other level domain (e.g.“smallbusiness”, “small-business”, or “small_business”). Conventionaltechnique(s) may be used to identify multiple recognized words within another level domain.

If any characters that are not part of a recognized word remain in theother level domain (338), a phonetic representation of those characters,pronounced individually, is generated (340).

Operation at 332-340 repeats until a pronunciation for each other leveldomain has been determined, at which point operation 300 terminates.

Upon completion of operation 300, the screen reader 16, which has nowdetermined phonetic representations of the username 402 and domain name406, may read the email address 59 aloud, with the word “at” beingspoken to represent the “@” symbol within the network address and theword “dot” being spoken for each “.” between subdomains. As a result,the exemplary email address of FIG. 4, “sjones@work.us”, would bepronounced “ess jones at work dot you ess”, as illustrated in FIG. 1.

It should be appreciated that, whenever a phonetic representation of aword or words “as a whole” is generated during operation 300 (e.g. at310 (FIG. 3A), 318, 330 (FIG. 3B), or 336), conventional mechanisms forgenerating such phonetic representations (e.g. known text-to-speechengines) may be used.

The pronunciations of various exemplary network addresses that mayresult from operation 300 are illustrated in FIG. 5.

It will be appreciated that, although the exemplary network address inthe above-described embodiment is an email address, the same approachcould be used for facilitating text-to-speech conversion of other formsof network addresses. For example, as is known in the art, a SIP URI hasa format that essentially amounts to an email address with a “sip:”prefix. Accordingly, the same technique as is described in operation 300above could be used to generate a phonetic representation of a SIP URI,with the exception that a phonetic representation of the words “sipcolon” might be prepended thereto.

It should also be appreciated that some forms of network addresses mayonly consist of a username or a domain name. For example, the usernameof an instant messaging account, operating system account or useraccount on a corporate network may be considered a form of networkaddress having username but no domain name. In that case, the operationillustrated at 306-320 of FIG. 3A could still be applied in order togenerate a phonetic representation of the username, with the operationat 324-340 of FIG. 3B being unnecessary and thus circumvented.Alternatively, the domain name portion of a Uniform Resource Locator(URL), or simply a domain name in isolation, may be considered a for ofnetwork address having a domain name but no username. In that case, theoperation described at 324-340 of FIG. 3B could still be applied togenerate a phonetic representation of the domain name, with theoperation at 306-320 of FIG. 3A being circumvented. Alternatively, itmay be desired to determine a pronunciation for only the usernameportion or only the domain name portion of a network address having bothof these portions. In such cases, the operation illustrated at 324-340of FIG. 3B or the operation at 306-320 of FIG. 3A (respectively) couldbe circumvented.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, various othermodifications can be made to any of the above-described embodiments. Forexample, although operation 300 of FIGS. 3A and 3B shows operation fordetermining the pronunciation of the username portion of a networkaddress as being performed prior to the determination of a pronunciationof the domain name portion of the network address, this order could bereversed in alternative embodiments.

Moreover, although the above description sets forth a possible rationalefor making the operation at 314 and 316 of FIG. 3A contingent upon thenumber of characters in a “leftover” portion of the username notexceeding a predetermined threshold number of characters (e.g. twocharacters), as determined by way of decision box 312 of FIG. 3A, insome embodiments decision box 312 may be omitted. Instead, after 308 or310, control may proceed directly to the operation at 314. In suchembodiments, the likelihood of pronounceability of the leftover portionthat is determined at 314 may be set to “low” when the leftover portioncomprises only one character, so that the character is pronouncedindividually by way of operation 320 of FIG. 3A.

In another alternative, decision box 324 of FIG. 3B could be omitted,with control proceeding directly from 322 to 328 of FIG. 3B. In thiscase, the predetermined set of top level domains that is normallypronounced as a whole could simply reflect the fact that two-letter toplevel domains, such as ccTLDs, are not normally pronounced as a whole.

In yet another alternative, logic for facilitating text-to-speechconversion of usernames that, instead of being based solely or primarilyon a user's name, either include or consist exclusively of one or morerecognized words from a spoken language (e.g. service@cardealer.com orhelpdesk@company.com) may form part of some embodiments. Such logic maybe similar to the logic illustrated in FIG. 3B at 334 to 340, describedabove, for determining a pronunciation of an other level domain. Thelogic may be applied, e.g., between 304 and 306 in FIG. 3A or after ithas been determined that the user's name does not form any part of theusername. In this case the dictionary 132 may be used to search forrecognized words within the username. Exemplary pronunciations of emailaddresses containing usernames of this nature are provided in FIG. 6.

Also, it should be appreciated that the operation described herein isnot necessarily part of a screen reader application, nor is itnecessarily performed by a wireless communication device. It could beeffected in software, hardware, firmware, or combinations of these,which could form part of virtually any type of computing device.

The above-described embodiments all make reference to “generating aphonetic representation” of names, words and/or characters. Such aphonetic representation may subsequently be fed to an audio waveformgenerator that generates the desired speech. It should also berecognized, however, that in some embodiments, the generation of aphonetic representation may actually be performed by a downstream TTSengine (e.g. an “off-the-shelf” product) that is fed appropriate inputto cause the desired speech to be generated. Such a TTS engine mayexecute on a separate computing device with which the device 10intercommunicates, e.g., over a Bluetooth™ or USB connection. Forexample, the TTS engine may be executed by an on-board computer of amotor vehicle which receives input from wireless communication device10. In such embodiments, it may only be necessary for the device 10 togenerate a tokenized representation of the network address, and to passthe tokens to the TTS engine over the connection, for the desiredpronunciation to result. The tokens may constitute groupings ofcharacters from the network address that will cause a phoneticizerwithin the TTS engine to produce the desired pronunciation. For example,upon processing the network address “liz@buckingham.uk”, such analternative embodiment may generate the following stream of tokens(wherein a token can be a word, a character or punctuation mark): “liz @buckingham dot u k”. In the foregoing, the token “liz” constitutes atokenized representation of that name as a whole, where the tokens “u”,“k” constitute a tokenized representation of each individual characterof top level domain “uk”. These tokens may be provided to the downstreamTTS engine (which again, may be a commerically available product) thatmay convert the tokens to speech, e.g. by way of a two-step process: (1)a phoneticizer may generate a phonetic representation of the desiredsounds based on the tokens; and (2) an audio waveform generator maygenerate the desired sounds based on the phonetic representation. Thus,it will be appreciated that, in some embodiments, rather than generatinga phonetic representation of a network address or portion thereof, itmay only be necessary to appropriately tokenize the network address orportion thereof (i.e. to generate a tokenized representation thereofcomprising words, characters and/or punctuation) for the properpronunciation to result through operation of a downstream TTS engine.

Other modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art and,therefore, the invention is defined in the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: determining, at a processorof a computing device, a pronunciation of a top level domain of anetwork address by one or more of: generating a phonetic representationof each character in the top level domain pronounced individually; and,generating a tokenized representation of each individual character ofthe top level domain suitable for interpretation by a text-to-speechengine; and for each other level domain of the network address,determining, at the processor, a pronunciation of the other level domainbased on one or more recognized words within the other level domain. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein the determining the pronunciation of atop level domain of a network address further comprises determiningwhether said top level domain is one of a set of top level domains. 3.The method of claim 2, wherein the set represents top level domains thatare pronounced as a whole.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein thedetermining the pronunciation of a top level domain of a network addressfurther comprises one or more of: generating a phonetic representationof the top level domain pronounced as a whole; and generating atokenized representation of the top level domain as a whole suitable forinterpretation by a text-to-speech engine.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the network address is an electronic mail (email) address or aSession Initiation Protocol (SIP) Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). 6.The method of claim 1, wherein the determining the pronunciation for thetop level domain is further based upon whether the top level domain hasat least a threshold number of characters.
 7. The method of claim 6,wherein the threshold number of characters is three.
 8. The method ofclaim 7, wherein when the top level domain does not have at least thethreshold number of characters, the determining comprises one or moreof: generating a phonetic representation of each character in the toplevel domain pronounced individually; and, generating a tokenizedrepresentation of each individual character of the top level domainsuitable for interpretation by a text-to-speech engine.
 9. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the determining the pronunciation of the other leveldomain comprises generating a phonetic representation of each recognizedword pronounced as a whole.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein therecognized words comprises at least one or more of names oforganizations, abbreviated names of the organizations and words in aspoken language.
 11. A computing device comprising: a processor and amemory, the processor enabled to: determine a pronunciation of a toplevel domain of a network address by one or more of: generating aphonetic representation of each character in the top level domainpronounced individually; and, generating a tokenized representation ofeach individual character of the top level domain suitable forinterpretation by a text-to-speech engine; and for each other leveldomain of the network address, determine, at the processor, apronunciation of the other level domain based on one or more recognizedwords within the other level domain.
 12. The computing device of claim11, wherein the processor is further enabled to determine thepronunciation of a top level domain of a network address by determiningwhether said top level domain is one of a set of top level domains. 13.The computing device of claim 12, wherein the set represents top leveldomains that are pronounced as a whole.
 14. The computing device ofclaim 11 wherein the processor is further enabled to determine thepronunciation of a top level domain of a network address by one or moreof: generating a phonetic representation of the top level domainpronounced as a whole; and generating a tokenized representation of thetop level domain as a whole suitable for interpretation by atext-to-speech engine.
 15. The computing device of claim 11, wherein thenetwork address is an electronic mail (email) address or a SessionInitiation Protocol (SIP) Uniform Resource Identifier (UM).
 16. Thecomputing device of claim 11, wherein the processor is further enabledto determine the pronunciation of a top level domain of a networkaddress based upon whether the top level domain has at least a thresholdnumber of characters.
 17. The computing device of claim 16, wherein thethreshold number of characters is three.
 18. The computing device ofclaim 17, the processor is further enabled to determine thepronunciation of a top level domain of a network address wherein whenthe top level domain does not have at least the threshold number ofcharacters, by one or more of: generating a phonetic representation ofeach character in the top level domain pronounced individually; and,generating a tokenized representation of each individual character ofthe top level domain suitable for interpretation by a text-to-speechengine.
 19. The computing device of claim 11, the processor is furtherenabled to determine the pronunciation of the other level domain bygenerating a phonetic representation of each recognized word pronouncedas a whole.
 20. The computing device of claim 11, wherein the recognizedwords comprises at least one or more of names of organizations,abbreviated names of the organizations and words in a spoken language.21. A non-transitory machine-readable medium storing instructions forexecution by a processor of a computing device to implement a methodfor: determining, at the processor, a pronunciation of a top leveldomain of a network address by one or more of: generating a phoneticrepresentation of each character in the top level domain pronouncedindividually; and, generating a tokenized representation of eachindividual character of the top level domain suitable for interpretationby a text-to-speech engine; and for each other level domain of thenetwork address, determining, at the processor, a pronunciation of theother level domain based on one or more recognized words within theother level domain.